It is indeed true that amazing work came out of the isolated confines of Soviet mathematical institutes, often parallel to or well before similar work in the Western world. There's a joke that goes around theoryCS circles that for every theorem proved before the 80s in the west, there's an equivalent result proved 10 years earlier by a Russian mathematician. We need look no further than the Cook-Levin theorem, the Koebe-Andreev-Thurston theorem (on circle packings), Kolmogorov-Chaitin-Solomonoff complexity (and according to some, the Cauchy-BUNYAKOVSKY-Schwarz inequality, though this is disputed).
But in the article is a more thought-provoking claim:
The flow is probably unstoppable by now: A promising graduate student in Moscow or St. Petersburg, unable to find a suitable academic adviser at home, is most likely to follow the trail to the U.S.
But the math culture they find in America, while less back-stabbing than that of the Soviet math establishment, is far from the meritocratic ideal that Russia's unofficial math world had taught them to expect. American math culture has intellectual rigor but also suffers from allegations of favoritism, small-time competitiveness, occasional plagiarism scandals, as well as the usual tenure battles, funding pressures and administrative chores that characterize American academic life. This culture offers the kinds of opportunities for professional communication that a Soviet mathematician could hardly have dreamed of, but it doesn't foster the sort of luxurious, timeless creative work that was typical of the Soviet math counterculture.
For example, the American model may not be able to produce a breakthrough like the proof of the Poincaré Conjecture, carried out by the St. Petersburg mathematician Grigory Perelman.
This is a reflection of one of the enduring myths of mathematical research, "a mathematician would be happy in jail if they had paper and pen", with a bit of the 'a mathematician is a solitary (and slightly crazy) genius'. I can see the allure in the idea: mathematics requires great concentration, and removal of distractions would surely make it easier to focus on a big problem.
But is this really impossible to achieve in the Western model of research ? After all, even Perelman's work built heavily on a program first outlined by Richard Hamilton from Columbia. Andrew Wiles proved Fermat's theorem while at Princeton. Ketan Mulmuley has been banging away at P vs NP while shuttling between Chicago and IIT Bombay (yes, I know it's not a perfect comparison because it hasn't been resolved yet). Stephen Cook proved that SAT is NP-Complete while at Toronto. And so on and so forth.
Possibly one argument in favor of the 'isolation: good' theory is that Perelman didn't need to prove himself for 6-7 years, maintain a steady stream of funding, and teach lots of classes in order to "earn" the right to study such a hard problem. It's hard to imagine a researcher in the US being able to do this before they get some kind of job security (tenure, or otherwise).
That's an interesting article, Suresh. I would add two observations to it: (a) the point perhaps antipodal to long periods of concentration - crowdsourcing experiments in Math such as (some of) the Polymath projects and (b) that there are institutes such as the IAS and the IHES in the West that have been founded to support long-term research. In my view, there should be room for the entire spectrum of approaches.
ReplyDelete(The name "Masha" took me back to the time when we got inexpensive books from the Soviet Union in India: my 6-year-old self reading a book called "Masha and the bear" translated into Tamil!)
The name "Masha" took me back to the time when we got inexpensive books from the Soviet Union in India: my 6-year-old self reading a book called "Masha and the bear" translated into Tamil!
ReplyDeleteIndeed. I had a number of those as well, as well as number of cheap Russian math books. Great stuff !
Your larger points are well taken. We need a spectrum of models, and no one approach can dominate. That's the point I wanted to make, but you made it more elegantly :)
On the polymath thing though, my thought is that polymath-style projects work well when there's a program outlined in advance. So I think it might have worked well for the Poincare conjecture itself, but it's not clear it would work for P vs NP in its current form.
Coincidentally today I read a very good interview with Alain Connes, who talks about the Soviet, and the CNRS, and the importance, in his opinion, of doing math without any form of short-term concerns. The article is full of quotable remarks, such as, referring to the Soviet mathematical institutes:
ReplyDelete"It is a dream to gather many young people in an institute and make sure that their basic activity is to talk about science without getting corrupted by thinking about buying a car, getting more money, having a plan for career etc.... Of
course in the former Soviet Union there were no such things as cars to buy etc so the problem did not arise."
If you are going to talk about Soviet-style math, Trakhtenbrot's 1984 survey describes the best and worst of the old Soviet model.
ReplyDeleteIn praising CRNS model it would be important to choose some reasonable metric. It's not like CRNS performs visibly better in absolute terms. Do French have that much more Fields medalists for example? It's all anecdotal evidence to me.
ReplyDeleteAs to Perelman, everyone seem to forget that he did his work in spite of considerable mobbing too. I'm also not sure he would be able to set in his goal if not getting medal from European Congress of Mathematicians in 1996 first.